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最高额抵押物被查封后再办理贷款有何风险/张在祯

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-08 11:03:35  浏览:8544   来源:法律资料网
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最高额抵押物被查封后再办理贷款有何风险

张在祯


【特别说明】该文载于田惠宇主编《商业银行典型案例解析》,复旦大学出版社,2005年版。

【案情】上海市某服装进出口公司(以下简称进出口公司),为解决进出口服装流动资金不足问题,需要经常向银行申请借款。因为进出口公司除了拥有一幢评估价值约8000多万元人民币的办公楼之外,没有其他高价值的财产。但是,因为进出口公司用款的时间不易确定,用款数额也难以固定,每次办理借款时间较紧,进出口公司又不具备信用借款的条件,办理保证贷款又难以找到合格的保证人。一次又一次地用办公楼办理抵押借款手续非常烦琐。

  经银行某商业银行信贷人员推介,2001年5月21日,进出口公司与该某商业银行M 支行(以下简称银行)签订了一份最高额房地产抵押合同。合同约定:在5000万元的最高贷款额限度(是指债权余额)内,进出口公司以其办公楼对自2001年6月1日至2004年6月1日这一债权发生期内连续发生的一系列借款合同作抵押担保。债权余额是指已经发生的贷款累计额扣除已经偿还的贷款累计额。借款人履行债务的期限为每份借款合同约定的还款期限。若借款合同履行债务的期限与对应借款凭证不一致时,以各借款凭证记载的为准。抵押权与其担保的债权同时存在,债权不消灭,抵押权也不消灭。抵押担保范围为抵押权人在债权发生期内所有借款合同项下所享有的全部债权余额,包括借款本金、利息、罚息、违约金、赔偿金和实现抵押权的费用。同日,双方又签订了一份金额为2100万元的人民币借款合同,借款期限为2001年6月1日至2001年9月1日,并与最高额房地产抵押合同一起,依法办理了抵押登记手续。房地产登记部门登记了《房地产最高额抵押合同》和第一笔借款合同,在“附记”栏内注明了“最高额抵押”字样。2001年6月1日银行按约发放了第一笔贷款。第一笔借款到期后进出口公司按约及时归还了借款本息。此后,进出口公司与银行又先后办理了金额分别为700万元和1200万元的两笔借款,没有发生纠纷。

  2002年11月15日,贷款银行与进出口公司又签订第四份借款合同,借款期限为2002年11月15日至2003年8月15日,并按约发放了2500万元贷款。2003年6月10日贷款银行信贷员在贷后检查时发现,因上海市某服装公司诉进出口公司3500万元的货款纠纷一案,法院于2002年10月22日对作为最高额抵押物的办公楼实施了查封措施,后因进出口公司败诉,法院拍卖了进出口公司的办公楼。结果法院判决贷款银行的第四笔贷款即2500万元贷款本息不属于房地产抵押担保债权;因为该笔贷款是法院在2002年10月22日对作为最高额抵押物的办公楼实施了查封措施以后,双方于2002年11月15日签订借款合同并发放的贷款,贷款银行丧失了对该抵押房产的优先受偿权。

  【解析】本案是一起商业银行极易忽视的风险案件。根据《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国担保法〉若干问题的解释》第81条规定,最高额抵押权所担保的债权范围,不包括抵押物因财产保全或者执行程序被查封后或借款人、抵押人破产后发生的债权。因此,商业银行应当注意:当最高额抵押物被依法查封后,贷款人应当停止发放贷款。其基本原理是《担保法》第37条(五)规定的“依法被查封、扣押、监管的财产下列财产不得抵押”。另外,2004年5月25日发布的最高人民法院《关于人民法院查封、扣押、冻结财产若干问题的规定(征求意见稿)》第23条(查封与最高额抵押担保权人)也进一步规定:“被执行人的不动产上设定最高额抵押权的,执行法院查封该不动产时应当通知抵押权人。抵押权人受抵押担保的债权数额于收到执行法院通知时起不再增加。查封时不知道不动产上设定最高额抵押权的,抵押权人于知悉查封的事实时起,受抵押担保的债权数额不再增加。”

  许多商业银行在信贷业务中已启用了《房地产最高额抵押合同》、《最高额质押合同》、《最高额保证合同》的格式文本,有的银行还启用了配合循环贷款业务的最高额抵押、最高额质押和最高额保证系列最高额担保合同。为了防止类似本案的事件在银行内再次发生,防范因操作不当使最高额担保贷款发生法律风险,商业银行应当注意:

  在办理首笔最高额抵押贷款时,必须依法办妥抵押物登记手续,并确保发放贷款时抵押物未被国家机关依法采取查封、扣押等保全措施。

  在最高额抵押合同约定的债权发生期和最高债权限额内,就某笔贷款办理借新还旧手续或发放新的贷款前,必须到登记部门查询抵押物情况,在确保抵押物无瑕疵的情况下,方可办理贷款手续;若发现抵押物被法院或其他国家机关依法采取查封、扣押等保全措施或发生其他纠纷的,不得办理借新还旧手续或再向借款人发放贷款。

  与最高额抵押相类似的最高额质押问题,虽然没有明确的法律依据,从原理上讲,商业银行可以接受最高额质押担保。除准用相应质押担保规定外,可参照最高额抵押原理。用于质押的财产以定期存单、国债、金融债券、金银等贵金属、金融机构股权、银行承兑汇票等为宜。在最高额质押合同约定的债权发生期和最高债权限额内,就某笔贷款办理借新还旧手续或发放新的贷款的,参照最高额抵押的规定执行。

  此外,商业银行应当举一反三,在最高额保证合同约定的债权发生期和最高债权限额内,就某笔贷款办理借新还旧手续或发放新的贷款前,不能认为已经签订了最高额保证合同就高枕无忧,也应结合贷后检查进行担保能力跟踪调查。

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国家工商行政管理局关于保护“庆祝香港回归祖国”标志图案的通知

国家工商行政管理局


国家工商行政管理局关于保护“庆祝香港回归祖国”标志图案的通知
国家工商行政管理局



各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市工商行政管理局:
香港回归祖国是我们国家和民族的一件大事。届时,将举办一系列庆祝活动。“庆祝香港回归祖国”标志图案已由国务院港澳事务办公室向我局申报注册。现就该标志保护通知如下:
一、任何单位或个人不得将“庆祝香港回归祖国”标志图案作为商标注册。
二、“庆祝香港回归祖国”标志图案主要用于举办的香港回归祖国庆祝活动和有关的纪念品上。任何单位或个人如需使用该标志图案,须向国务院新闻办公室和国务院港澳事务办公室申请。未经批准,不得将与该标志图案相同或近似的图案用于商业性活动。
三、违反本通知第二项规定的,由当事人所在地或者行为发生地县级以上工商行政管理局予以禁止,并处以违法所得3倍以下的罚款,但最高不超过3万元;没有违法所得的,处以1万元以下的罚款。
附件:“庆祝香港回归祖国”标志图案(略)



1997年5月9日

国务院批转国家出版局关于发布加强对外合作出版管理的暂行规定的报告的通知(附英文)

国务院


国务院批转国家出版局关于发布加强对外合作出版管理的暂行规定的报告的通知(附英文)
1981年10月12日,国务院

通知
现将国家出版局《关于发布加强对外合作出版管理的暂行规定的报告》和《加强对外合作出版管理的暂行规定》转发给你们,请参照执行.

国家出版局关于发布加强对外合作出版管理的暂行规定的报告
一九七九年以来,我国部分出版社开始同国外出版公司合作出版书刊.去年六月,国务院和中央宣传部批准国家出版局《关于加强同国外合作出版的报告》以后,对外合作出版业务有了新的发展.
目前,我国已有四十多家出版社同日本、南斯拉夫、美国、英国、法国、西德、意大利、瑞士、澳大利亚、新加坡等十二个国家和港澳地区的七十多家出版公司,签订了一百二十多项合同,计划合作出版书刊四百余种,主要形式是由我国出版社负责编辑,由外国出版社负责印刷发行.
书稿内容涉及中外语文工具书、教科书、科学技术、农业、医药、体育、美术、文物、旅游、烹调、轻工、建筑等方面.其中已经出版发行的书刊有二十余种.这批书刊,思想内容健康,表现形式活泼,装帧设计新颖,受到国外读者欢迎.
为了总结交流经验,加强对外合作出版工作的领导与管理,我们于一九八一年五月在成都召开了全国对外合作出版工作座谈会.
会议指出,两年来对外合作出版的发展和取得的成绩证明:开展对外合作出版,可以利用国外出版公司的印刷出版条件和发行渠道,在全世界出版发行我们编写的书刊,加强对外宣传和文化交流,扩大我国的影响;同时可以保护我国部分作品的版权和为国家增加外汇收入;也可以吸取
国外先进的出版、印刷、摄影技术和编辑工作经验,改进我国的出版工作.
会议认为,鉴于我们还缺乏经验,对外合作出版目前应当采取稳步前进的方针.各个出版社要统筹兼顾、全面规划,在为国内多出书、出好书的条件下,按照自己的出书方针与范围,逐步地开展对外合作出版工作.
为了适应对外合作出版的需要,会议要求有合作出版任务的出版社要注意选拔、培养熟悉出版业务的外语干部,在今后三、五年内,每个出版社应当配备三、五名外语干部,大的出版社还应多一些.
会议讨论并制订了《加强对外合作出版管理的暂行规定》,现送上,请一并审批.如认为可行,望批转全国执行.

加强对外合作出版管理的暂行规定
为了加强对外合作出版工作的领导和管理,特制订本规定.
一、对外合作出版,必须符合我国的外交政策和对外方针,有利于加强对外宣传和文化交流;不得有损于我主权和国家利益;并严格遵守国家有关保密的规定.
二、对外合作出版,应注意了解国际图书市场的情况,维护我国作者和出版者的权益,在平等互利的基础上,在经济上有所收益.
三、确定对外合作项目,要根据自己的条件与特点,符合本社的出书方针和出书范围.
四、对外合作出版项目,应经双方充分协商确定.合作书刊的编辑方针、书稿内容以及最后定稿,均须经我方同意.凡经我方审定的书稿,未经我方同意,对方不得擅自增删或作其他改动.合作出版介绍我国情况的摄影画册或其他书刊中选用的照片,一般应由我方提供,不宜采取由对方派人拍摄或双方合拍的方式.
五、合作出版供我国读者使用的外国编辑的书稿,应是我国所急需的,必要时应根据我国的情况对其内容进行增删或改编,在经济上尽量做到不用外汇支付对方应得的收益.
六、对外合作出版,只能由国家正式批准的出版社进行.任何非出版单位和个人,均不得同国外进行合作出版.未经原出版社同意,任何出版社不得同国外合作出版其他出版社出版的书刊.出版社拟同国外合作出版的书稿,应事先征得原作者或原编辑单位的同意.
七、出版社可以直接对外洽谈合作出版业务,也可以委托国家 批准的经营对外合作出版业务的专业公司或国外可靠的代理商进行.
八、同我进行合作出版的单位,应是对我友好并有可靠的信誉和资金,不要同情况不明的外商签订合同.
九、为了明确双方的权利和义务,每个合作项目都应签订有一定时限的合同.对于版权所有,一方转让或准许另一方使用的出版发行权和其他权利,支付报酬的数量、方式和时间,均应在合同中逐项加以规定.凡我方提供的书稿或图片,未经我方同意,对方不得转让版权,不得扩大使用权,不得扩大发行区域.
十、确定对外合作出版项目,应分别不同情况履行审批手续:
凡国内已公开出版的出版物,中央一级出版社由出版社自行决定,报上级主管部门备案,地方出版社报省、市、自治区出版局审批;
凡国内尚未出版的出版物,中央一级出版社报上级主管部门审批,地方出版社报省、市、自治区人民政府审批.内容涉及到全国的大型丛书,应事先征得国家出版局的同意;
凡涉及党和国家重大方针和外交政策的书稿,党和国家领导人的著作或传记,须经国家出版局会签后,报国务院或中央审批;
重要文物和其他珍品的摄影和使用,涉及国界线的地图的出版,应严格按照国家有关规定办理.
所有对外合作出版的送审报告、中外文合同(或协议书)、样本,均应报国家出版局备案.
十一、对于开展对外合作出版所必需的业务人员同国外的往来,主管部门应简化审批手续,提供方便,以利于合同的顺利执行.
十二、合作出版书刊,应按国内现行稿酬制度,分别情况向作者支付报酬;
首次出版的书稿,可按略高于国内稿酬标准支付报酬;
使用国内已出版过的书稿,亦可支付适当的报酬,一般不超过原基本稿酬的百分之六十;
使用外国人的作品,可按略高于国内作者稿酬支付.
上述报酬,均以人民币支付,个别确属特别情况必须支付外汇者,经上级主管部门批准后,在本单位所得外汇中支付.
十三、在对外合作出版工作中,各出版社之间要发扬社会主义协作风格,注意互通情报,对外协调一致,遇有分歧和矛盾,应内部协商或报上级机关协调解决.
十四、在对外交往中,要严格遵守外事纪律,维护民族尊严和国家声誉.

INTERIM PROVISIONS FOR STRENGTHENING THE ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLI-CATION IN CO-OPERATION WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM PROVISIONS FOR STRENGTHENING THE ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLI-
CATION IN CO-OPERATION WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES
(Approved and promulgated by the State Council on Oct. 12, 1981)
These Provisions are formulated for the purpose of strengthening the
leadership over, and administration of, the work of publication in co-
operation with foreign countries.
1. Publication in co-operation with foreign countries shall conform to
China's foreign policy and principle and facilitate the strengthening of
China's publicity in and cultural exchanges with, foreign countries, shall
do no harm to China's sovereignty and national interests and shall be
strictly governed by the State provisions concerning the maintenance of
secrets.
2. In co-operation with foreign countries in publication, it is imperative
to study the situation of the international book market, safeguard the
rights and interests of China's authors and publishers and, on the basis
of equality and mutual benefits, achieve reasonable economic returns.
3. A publishing house shall determine its projects of co-operation with
foreign countries in the light of its own conditions and characteristics
and in conformity with its own publishing principle and scope of
publication.
4. Projects of publication in co-operation with foreign countries shall be
determined through full consultation between the two parties thereto. The
editing principle, the contents of the manuscript and the finalized
version thereof with respect to a book or journal to be jointly published
shall all be subject to the consent of the Chinese party. Without the
consent of the Chinese party, no part of the contents of a manuscript that
has been examined and finalized by the Chinese party may be supplemented,
deleted or otherwise altered by the other party. Pictures selected for use
in picture-albums or other books or journals to be jointly published for
the purpose of giving information about China shall in general be provided
by the Chinese party and it is unadvisable to have them taken by the other
party or jointly taken by both parties.
5. Manuscripts edited by a foreign country to be jointly published for use
by Chinese readers shall be those of which China is in urgent need and
shall, when necessary, be duly supplemented, deleted or re-edited in
accordance with the actual situation in China. Financially, every possible
means shall be tried to avoid making payment in foreign exchange for the
economic returns that the other party shall be entitled to.
6. Publication in co-operation with foreign countries shall only be
undertaken by the publishing houses that have been officially authorized
by the State. No non-publishing units or individuals may undertake
publication in co-operation with foreign countries. Without the
permission of the original publishing houses, no publishing houses may co-
operate with foreign parties in publishing books or journals published by
other publishing houses. A publishing house that intends to co-operate
with a foreign party in publishing a manuscript shall solicit in advance
the permission of the author or the original editing unit.
7. A publishing house may negotiate co-operative publication business
directly with a foreign party or may entrust a specialized company that
has been authorized by the State to handle co-operative publication
business with foreign countries or entrust a reliable foreign agency with
the negotiation.
8. Foreign units that are to co-operate with China in publication business
shall be those which are friendly to China and have reliable credit and
financial resources. It is imperative not to sign contracts with foreign
businessmen whose standing is not clear.
9. In order to specify the rights and obligations of both parties, a
contract prescribing a time limit shall be signed. As to the ownership of
the copyright, the transfer by one party to the other the right of
publication and distribution and other rights or the permission by one
party to the other of the use of these rights, as well as the amount of
remuneration, the mode and time of payment thereof shall be stipulated
item by item in the contract. With respect to manuscripts and pictures
that are provided by the Chinese party, without the consent of the Chinese
party, the other party may not transfer the copyright, or extend the use
thereof, or extend the areas where they shall be distributed.
10. In determining projects of co-operative publication with foreign
countries, the following formalities of examination and approval shall,
depending on the different circumstances, be carried out respectively:
With respect to publications that have been published domestically,
publishing houses at the central level may make their own decisions and
report the projects to the higher competent authority for the record,
whereas publishing houses in the localities shall submit their project
proposals to the publication bureaus of the provinces, municipalities
directly under the Central Government or autonomous regions for
examination and approval.
With respect to publications that have not come off the press
domestically, publishing houses at the central level shall submit their
project proposals to the higher competent authority for examination and
approval, and publishing houses in the localities shall submit their
project proposals to the people's governments of the provinces,
municipalities directly under the Central Government or autonomous regions
for examination and approval. With respect to a project of co-operative
publication of full-length book series whose contents have a nation-wide
bearing, consent of the State Bureau of Publication shall have to be
solicited in advance.
With respect to manuscripts whose contents involve the major principles of
the Party and the State and China's foreign policy and to works by, or
biographies of, the leaders of the Party and the State, the project
proposals shall, after being counter-signed by the State Bureau of
Publication, be submitted to the State Council for examination and
approval.
The taking of photographs of important cultural relics and other rare,
precious objects and the use of such photographs, and the publication of
maps that involve boundary lines of China shall be handled in strict
accordance with the pertinent provisions of the State.
With respect to a publication project of co-operation with a foreign
party, the report submitted requesting the examination and approval of the
project proposal, copies of the contract (or agreement) both in Chinese
and in the foreign language concerned and the sample version of the item
to be published shall be submitted to the State Bureau of Publication for
the record.
11. With respect to trips abroad and back to China by professional
personnel needed in effecting publication in co-operation with foreign
countries, the competent departments shall simplify the examining and
approving formalities and provide convenience so as to facilitate the
smooth implementation of the contract.
12. For books and journals published cooperatively, remuneration shall be
paid to the authors on the merits of each case and in accordance with the
existing domestic system of remuneration.
For manuscripts that are published for the first time, the remuneration
may be slightly higher than the domestic rates.
If a manuscript that has been published domestically is used, appropriate
fees may as well be paid, which shall in general not exceed 60 percent of
the original remuneration. If works of foreign authors are used, the
remuneration may be slightly higher than that which would be paid to
domestic authors.
The aforesaid remunerations shall be paid in Renminbi. The few really
special cases that require payment in foreign exchange, the payment shall,
upon approval by the higher competent departments, be made out of the
foreign exchange that the units concerned have obtained.
13. In the work of publication in co-operation with foreign countries, it
is imperative for various publishing houses to display the socialist style
of co-operation among themselves, keep each other well informed, and work
in co-ordination when dealing with foreign countries. Differences and
contradictions, should they arise, shall be settled through consultations
among themselves or mediation by higher authorities.
14. In dealings with foreign countries, it is imperative to strictly abide
by the disciplines related to foreign affairs and uphold our national
dignity and state prestige.



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